Second National Communications. The Philippines submitted its second National Communications to the UNFCCC on 29 December 2014.
Greenhouse Gas Inventory. In accordance with Executive Order No. 174, s. 2014, "Institutionalizing the Philippine Greenhouse Gas Inventory Management and Reporting System," the Environmental Management Bureau created a GHG Inventory Team. In 2016, the EMB designated Climate Change Focal Persons in all its Regions and conducted regional-cluster training/workshops on the implementation of the sectoral GHG inventory. This was made one of the Key Result Areas (KRAs) of the DENR Regional Offices in 2017. In August 2018, the DENR drafted the GHG Report (2010 as base year) for the Waste and Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Sector. On the other hand, the Forest Management Bureau is the lead data compiler of the GHGinventory for the forestry sector. The sectoral reports will be compiled by the Climate Change Commission to form the national GHGreport.
Roadmap of the Philippine Cabinet Cluster on Climate Change Adaptation, Mitigation and Disaster Risk Reduction (2018-2021). The overall goal of the roadmap is "Climate and disaster-resilient communities supporting equitable and sustainable development." This was submitted to the Office of the Philippine President in 2017. It shall be implemented by the different government agencies under the CCAM-DRR cluster.
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) and NDCs. The Government of the Philippines (GOP) communicated its INDC to the UNFCCC on 1 October 2015. The INDC of the Philippines contains the following components: Preamble, National Context, Planning Process, Mitigation, Adaptation, Loss and Damage and Means of Implementation. Taking off from the INDC submission, the Climate Change Commission is transitioning the country's INDC to the more binding NDC. Under the Paris Agreement, the climate change adaptation and mitigation targets beyond 2020 for the Philippines shall be included in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). The NDC shall serve as the country's roadmap as to how it will transition towards a low-carbon economy. Through the NDC, the country aims to optimize the co-benefits of adopting a low-carbon development pathway while strengthening the communities' resilience against the effects of climate change.
Development considerations in the formulation of the country's NDC are:
- On account of the Philippines' vulnerability to climate change, the NDC shall reflect adaptation as the anchor strategy; mitigation shall be pursued as a function of adaptation.
- The country should be allowed to peak its emissions, with an opportunity to transition as early as possible to an efficient, resilient, adaptive, sustainable clean energy-driven economy.
- Pursuit of mitigation actions shall be contingent on resources that will be received, including financing, technology transfer and support for capacity building.
The Climate Change Commission created an NDC Technical Working Group (TWG). The TWG had its first meeting on 5 March 2019 to discuss and finalize the country's NDC that shall be submitted in late 2019. Consultation meetings on the country's NDC are scheduled in 2019 with various stakeholders. Afterwards, the submission of certificates of concurrence from all concerned Department Secretaries shall be done, followed by the President's approval of the NDC, then its eventual submission to the UNFCCC.
The Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM). On 17 January 2017, the Governments of the Philippines and Japan signed a Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) of the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) on Low-Carbon Technologies. The JCM is expected to contribute to the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC by facilitating global actions for GHG emission reductions or removals.
It is envisioned to facilitate the diffusion of leading carbon technologies and implementation of mitigation actions, and contribute to the sustainable development of developing countries. A joint committee operates and manages the JCM and evaluates contributions from Japan and the Philippines to GHG emission reductions or removals in a quantitative manner, and use them to achieve the emission reduction targets of both countries. The DENR Secretary and the Minister of Environment serve as Co-Chair of the Joint Committee and the DENR-EMB Climate Change Division serves as the JCM Secretariat. The JCM projects on GHG emission reductions will be evaluated by Measurement, Reporting and Verifications (MRV).
The JCM projects are expected to lead to a significant reduction in GHG emissions as stipulated in the Philippines' NDC. The Philippines will earn credits from JCM projects or initiatives that reduce production or emission of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases and the credits shall generate monetary income from carbon markets. The JCM shall also facilitate the transfer of low carbon technologies and facilities for local project developers. The bottomline is that the JCM is expected to contribute to the country's goal to attain a low carbon development path and help enhance the climate resiliency of communities. Projects eligible under the JCM are those in the fields of renewable energy, energy saving (energy efficiency), waste handling and disposal and transportation. As of 2018, nine international firms or organizations have submitted projects under the JCM.
REDD Plus. The DENR Special Project on the Preparation of a National REDD+ Mechanism for Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Conservation of Biodiversity in the Philippines was implemented by FMB and Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, German Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety from November 2012 to April 2017. It covered the following sites: Ligao City and Oas in Albay province (Region 5), Caraga, Manay and Tarragona in Davao Oriental (Region 11), and Borongan City and Maydolong in Eastern Samar (Region 8). These sites have a total forestland of 182,611 ha with a total forest cover of 89,488 ha. The components of the project are: (1) Establishing a national implementation and coordination system for REDD+, (2) Developing finance/benefit sharing mechanisms for REDD+, (3) Integrating ecological, social and governance standards or safeguards in the implementation of REDD+, (4) Planning forest land use and REDD+ implementation in selected areas, and (5) Building awareness, information and knowledge management.
Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EbA). This is the "use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change." (CBD 2009). The EMB Climate Change Division (CCD), under the auspices of a 2016 GIZ technical assistance, "Program on Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) Mainstreaming" formed and hosted the EbA Community of Practice (CoP). The EbA CoP consists of EbA trainers, practitioners and facilitators who assist in the promotion of EbA measures and strategies in their respective communities, local governments and organizations. The EbA CoP helps in the gathering and sharing of hard evidences of actions that qualify as ecosystem-based adaptations to climate change. As of December 2018, documentation of significant EbA measures, methodologies, experiences and lessons learned have been started with support from the DENR Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB). The EMB CCD also assisted the LGUs in the preparation of their Local Action Plans on Eco-DRR and a draft communications plan on climate change. This included assisting the LGUs in the conduct of vulnerability assessments of their localities.
Other Related Activities and Projects. In May 2015, the Philippines was accepted as the 48th country member of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) of the UNEP. In 2016, DENR Undersecretary Jonas Leones sent a memorandum to the all the bureaus to undertake action on the reduction of Short-lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP), with EMB as the CCAC focal point. In 2017, the CCAC Secretariat confirmed the support for the Philippines in its effort to develop a national plan on SLCPs under the auspices of the "Supporting National Planning for Action (SNAP) Initiative" of UNEP.
The Forestry and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is providing funds for the "National Land Monitoring and Information System for a Transparent NDC Reporting" from June 2018 to May 2021. This is implemented by the DENR-FMB. The study on "Strengthening Capacity for Integrating Ecosystem Services in the Forest Land Use Planning Process to Enhance Climate Resilience and Poverty Reduction in the Philippines" (February 2017 October 2017) was also implemented by FMB with support from the World Bank.